Is Thunderbolt the Real Deal

Thunderboltâ„ ¢ technology was developed by Intel ® in collaboration with Apple ® in order to transform the performance of PCs. The key features of Thunderboltâ„ ¢ technology include optical or electrical cables, daisy-chained devices, dual-channel 10Gbs per port and compatibility with prevailing Display Port devices.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is Thunderbolt the Real Deal? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other characteristics include the use of both PCI Express and Display Port protocols, low latency with high, accurate time synchronisation and power over cable for bus-powered devices. The technology is also bi-directional and implements local protocol software drivers (Shah 16). The performance and protocols available in Thunderboltâ„ ¢ technology provide designers with freedom and flexibility to come up with new computer products and configurations. Using Thunderboltâ„ ¢ technology allows designers to come up with the impartial performance expansion technologies that are typical in the desktops, possible using local device drivers that are joined by a single cable. Thunderboltâ„ ¢ technology also enables designers to come up with thinner and lighter laptops, as well as, miniature connectors that are ideal for use in mobile applications, without compromising on the input-output (I/O) performance. Another benefit of the Thunderboltâ„ ¢ technology is ease of incorporating adaptors that use existing PCI Express controllers to boost I/O performance (Frakes Dan 16). The close association between Intel and apple helped to forge a mode of storage that marks the beginning of an exciting era of peripheral connectivity. The Thunderboltâ„ ¢ technology storage devices provide an opportunity for manufacturers to continue in the process of providing both professionals and consumers with quality devices. The storage devices have transfer rates of up to 700MB while daisy-c hained between a PC and the screen. The storage devices allow for fast transfer rates to authors, video editors, IT administrators and graphic designers among other computer professionals and users (Wong 17). Another property of Thunderboltâ„ ¢ technology is its support for existing protocols. The technology allows for the simultaneous transmission of both data and display protocols through the integration of PCI Express and Display Port communication. This allows for the simplification of various tasks in both the home and office.Advertising Looking for essay on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The combination of two protocols in one cable has allowed designers to come up with compact laptops while using the least number of links between the gadgets. The technology allows users to connect to multiple devices including storage, displays, peripherals and audio/video devices among others. Thunderbolt technolo gy uses copper cables to boost its transfer speeds. The copper cables are flexible, durable, and make an easy fit into the Mini Display Port interface, which enhances their compatibility with various displays (Wong 17). Thunderbolt technology is a high-speed cable technology that provides two 10 GB/s bi-directional channels from one port in the connection between computers and electronic devices. The high speeds allow consumers and professionals to manage the increasing amounts of digital data that require processing. Such performance levels enhance various processes including content creation, IT administration, digital libraries and home storage. The technology allows administrators to back-up servers and editors to process numerous media files in remarkably little time. The technology also provides professionals and consumers of consistent transfer rates with low latency. This attribute is most beneficial to video editors since it means that they can work on high resolution, high -Definition tasks, without losing frames. â€Å"Sound designers also stand to benefit from low latency due to reduced phase distortion and enhanced accuracy in time synchronisation between audio and video† (Intel Corporation 2). Thunderbolt technology also allows for daisy-chaining of over five peripherals such as cameras, monitors and hard drives among others. The connection of one cable to one port provides a user with two channels of 10GB/s data transfer in either direction without compromising the bandwidth. The fast transfer rates are also provided for in the design of mobile devices using thunderbolt technology. The mobility and performance of these mobile devices are most useful to journalists since they can easily use them with other devices such as their laptops and cameras when reporting on secluded stories (Intel Corporation 2).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is Thunderbolt the Real Deal? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/pa ge Learn More The excitement around Thunderbolt technology was first experienced with the release of Apple’s latest MacBook Pro Models. Technology enthusiasts showed immense interest with the choice made by Apple to make the technology its key feature of the devices. The appeal of Thunderbolt technology, previously referred to as Light Peak, is its ability to facilitate fast transfer of various media through simple connections between devices. The technology has provided designers with new, exciting ways to build and use PCs, providing both professionals and consumers with a real solution to simple and fast transfer of content between devices and PCs (Apple 5). Works Cited Apple. ‘Apple Announces New iMac With Next Generation Quad-Core Processors, Graphics Thunderbolt I/O Technology. Business Wire (English).’ Regional Business News. 2005. Web. Frakes, Dan, and Dan Moren. ‘Thunderbolt: What You Need To Know.’ Academic Search Premier. 2 005. Web. Intel, Corporation. ‘Intel Announces Thunderboltâ„ ¢ Technology: The Fastest Data Connection to Your PC Just Arrived.’ Business Wire (English) 2: Regional Business News. 2005. Web. Shah, Agam. ‘100 Thunderbolt Devices In 2012, Says Intel.’ Academic Search Premier. 2012. Web. Wong, Bill. ‘Thunderbolt And Light Peak Set Their Sights On Display And Data Connection.’ Electronic Design Apr. Academic Search Premier. 2011. Web.Advertising Looking for essay on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on Is Thunderbolt the Real Deal? was written and submitted by user Sebastian Berg to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How External Environmental Factors Impact Marketing Decisions essays

How External Environmental Factors Impact Marketing Decisions essays The field of marketing is a complex one. Those who work in it are charged with reaching the masses for the purpose of promotion, regardless of what may be going on in the world at the time. Marketing companies world wide have to remain ever mindful of external factors including legal, economical and technological aspects if they want to remain successful. Looking at these external environmental factors can provide foundational information for the planning of marketing strategy. This holds true whether the marketing is to target a global audience or remain in the domestic One of the most important things to incorporate into any marketing plan regardless of its size is the understanding of legal aspects. The legality of the world must be adhere to in any life plan but in marketing it can mean the difference between success and public humiliation. All one has to do is look through the news history and one will locate stories in which marketing went against the legal system and caused a company to close or a product to be pulled off the Market. Disregarding the legal aspects of marketing can be extremely expensive(Fitzpatrick, 2004). One example of this is a tactic called bait and switch. Advertising laws prevent the offering of one product or price to lure consumers in, and then claiming it was JUST sold and trying to steer them into purchasing a more expensive product. It is bait and switch if when the ad was placed there was knowledge that the advertised product It is illegal throughout America and ignoring the legal factor of marketing One such suit was against a bank in Rhode Island. The class action suit accused Fleet Bank of using age old familiar bait and switch tactics to lure new credit card customers to their offices. "During 1999 and 2000, Fleet conducted a nationwide advertising campaign, offering a non-introductory, fixed annual percentage rate of 8.5 percent or lower for...

HOW TO QUOTE IN AN ESSAY

HOW TO QUOTE IN AN ESSAY You wonder how to use quotes in essay, search no more. We are eager to share with you how to quote in an essay. Quoting passages in books, magazines, etc, essays, research papers and other articles is determined by two major points. First is the appropriateness belonging to the passage you wish to quote which is highly important. The second is choose the main idea of your paragraph that will reflect the whole subject concept and to incorporate the quotation. Additionally , there are a minimum of two fundamental rules that you need to pursue remember when you are putting sentences directly from your source for instance a book to your writing composition. One, you must put the proper citation at the end of the direct quote. Two, you should always place quotation marks in the beginning and at the end of your quote to indicate out that the phrase within your paragraph is actually taken out from a different source. It is vital to make note of that your quotation for your direct quotes should stick to the citation format required by your teacher. It is also important that you should thoroughly select the quotes you want to incorporate into your essay or essay. You have to make sure that each direct quote is highly relevant to your paragraphs main idea or main subject. Otherwise, your quoted line will make your argument, discussions or research vulnerable and weak.

Logic and thought Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Logic and thought - Essay Example This paper contains analysis for each sub-argument and suggests how these arguments could be strengthened. The first argument is based on the claim that, until the eighteenth century, diagnoses and prescriptions of astrology were considered more reliable and efficacious than those of the medical practitioners. The arguer simply asserts their argument without citing any original sources to prove that astrology is more trustworthy than the medical profession. These original sources could include official documents or ancient artifacts; however, the arguer does not provide anything to back up their argument and thus we must dismiss it on this reason alone. For example, in Korea over 1000 years ago, rulers from the Koryo dynasty used astrology as political reference and this was an accepted practice at that time. If the arguer had provided these kinds of documents, then their argument would have been stronger and would have been taken more seriously.

Types of health Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Types of health - Coursework Example Diabetes is a dangerous disease where the sugar balances in the blood of a human being does not match with the clinical requirement and the health standards in order for the body to be functioning well the insulin does not perform well. There are two types of diabetes that affects the human bodies. There is the diabetes mellitus where the amount of sugar in the body exceeds the required amount here the level of insulin is low. The next is the diabetes insipidus, where the level of sugar in the blood is below the required standard. I feel my blood sugar level is slightly above the normal since once I consume something sweet I feel so much irritated and I feel as if I will never take sugar in my life again.I had picked this topic since I felt that it is the best and the level of the sugar has given me a headache and much stress in life since I started feeling the abnormalities in the body. I have always wanted to get the advice and know how to control this disease. I have always search ed for the treatment or measure to take in order to control it.In order to be able to manage the diagnosis, I will try to be taking food with less sugar and be eating three meals a day which are also less in sugar and the sugary substances. The food that I will be taking will contain no sugar or glucose in any way. I will try to be undertaking exercise more often so that the insulin levels in my body can fix itself. I will undertake the medicines and pills given by the doctor in order to increase the level of insulin in the body.

Pros and Cons of Cosmetic Surgery Essay example -- Plastic Surgery Essa

Pros and Cons of Cosmetic Surgery Cosmetic Surgery is a great discovery that has been around for many centuries. â€Å"The history of plastic surgery origins in the early 800 B.C. when surgeons in India restored noses to persons who had them taken off as a form of punishment.† (History of Cosmetic Surgery, 2008) Many people have used over the years cosmetic and reconstructive surgery to enhance their physical appearance weather it be for health problems associated with birth defect or problems that they have developed over the years or to even alter physical appearances for instance nose jobs and tummy tucks. There are numerous types of cosmetic surgery that can be done today in the United States, over the year’s surgeons techniques have improved dramatically. There are a number of pro’s and con’s that go along with cosmetic surgery, such as the amount of recovery time and the initial cost of surgery. Statistics also show that cosmetic surgery has grown so rapidly over the years it is phen omenal people who receive cosmetic surgery goes up by the millions every year. While there can be many related health risks due to cosmetic sugary, many times cosmetic surgery is necessary and its is made more affordable than thought to be. There are many Cons’ that are associated with cosmetic and reconstructive surgery. Some procedures can leave a person scared for life physically or even mentally. For instance, â€Å"Liposuction is the removal of fat cells to produce smoother contours, if to much fat and fluid is removed at once the patient could go into shock, bleed internally, or worst of all die.† (Margie Parent 2002) After some cosmetic and reconstructive surgeries sometimes it is found very common for a person to have a hard time adjust... .../history-of-cosmetic-surgery.html Parent, Margie. 2002. â€Å"The Pro’s and Con’s of Plastic Surgery Procedure.† Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From www.ri.essortment.com/plasticsugeryp_rewz.htm Miami Beach 411. N.D. â€Å"A Guide to Cosmetic and Plastic Surgery Costs†. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http://www.miamibeach411.com/cosmetic/guide_2.html â€Å"History of Cosmetic Surgery†. 2008. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http://www.ebreastaug.com/cosmetic-surgery/history.html Colins, Joan. N.d..†The Pro’s and Con’s of Plastic Surgery†. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http://cseserv.engr,scu.edu/StudentWebPages/KNguyen/researchpaper.htm American Society of Plastic Surgery. 2008. â€Å"2007 Report of 2006 Statistics†. Retrieved on January 28th, 2008. From http://www.plasticsurgery.org/media/Press_Kits/Procedural-Statistics-Press-Kit-Index.cfm

International Business in Japan

Abstract Capitalist and mostly single family centered, Zaibatsu led to a static system with weak competitive forces resulting in what is known as ‘cordial oligopoly’. (Niciejewska, 2007, pg 17) Keiretsu networks on the other hand, with its cross stockholdings is more dynamic and provided a more competitive business economy that continued to drive the Japanese economy during the post war period. The high cohesion that existed between the participating firms in the vertical keiretsu resulted in production and operational efficiency that gave Japanese manufacturers significant advantages in international markets. The impact of information technology and the internet in particular enabled the western countries implement modular production strategies and improved value chain management with setting up of contracted production centers across the globe. The japans keiretsu firms struggled to fight the American companies that specialized in single core functions leading to what is known as the mega competition. Keiretsu networks are unsuitable under modern, globally competitive, and technologically advanced market conditions. There is definitely a shift towards a more western centric business organization. Introduction Japanese corporate governance has undergone a lot of change since the Meiji restoration in 1868. It was during this time that the industrial revolution flourished across the world. The Zaibatsu originated when the Meiji government sold out certain government undertakings to a select few private and influential families namely Mitsui, Mitsubishi, Yasuda and Sumitomo. These government controlled firms slowly developed into different industries that helped Japan grow economically strong. During this period Japan practiced a closed economic system and foreign technology was totally shunned except in areas concerning domestic development (Thorson & Whitney, 2003). The Zaibatsu which could be loosely translated as monopolies emerged as the corporate structure that underlined the Japanese economy from this time till the end of the Second World War. In particular, the Zaibatsu or the industrial and financial conglomeration of the Japanese empire controlled a large percentage of the national economy during the first few decades of the twentieth century. In the aftermath of the World war 11 and the occupation of Japan by American forces, the Zaibatsu system was broken down and this gave rise to what is what is known as the Keiretsu system which is nothing but a group of companies with cross shareholdings and preferential business practices. Though the American government was bent on totally destroying the protectionary policies that the Zaibatsu system represented and proceeded with the dissolution of many Zaibatsu such as Asano, Furukawa, Nakajima, etc they stopped short of complete dissolution owing to fear of the intrusion of China’s communist practices into Japan. The formation of Keiretsu was an attempt to democratize the Japanese economy and to eliminate the restrictive policies (Thorson & Whitney, 2003). A brief overview of the firm structures in the Keiretsu and flourishing of Japanese economy between 1950-90, and its implications to the current Japanese economy would be discussed in this paper. Zaibatsu (Upto 1945) As briefly mentioned above, the Zaibatsu promoted a strong monopoly with holding companies at the top of the pyramid controlling all the operations between the various enterprises within the pyramid. Holding companies typically enjoyed the majority of the stocks of these businesses and more than 50% of the overall stocks of all the small companies that constitute the Zaibatsu were owned by its members (Thorson & Whitney, 2003). Stock options were never sold out to any third parties not connected with the zaibatsu making it a totally closed economic structure. The Zaibatsu was in short, a government led economic drive with strategies as well as resources provided for by the government. Japan’s industrial growth witnessed a rapid upswing under the Zaibatsu system. Buoyed by it success at home, the Japanese government forced the Zaibatsu system in Korea when it colonized the country (Shim & Lee, 2008, pg 49). The Zaibatsu enjoyed complete domination with Mitsui, Sumitomo and Mitsubishi, enjoying as much as 28% of the assets in Japanese companies by 1929. Just when the World War II was about to finish the Zaibatsu had 22.9% of the Japanese company stocks. Thus a handful of Japanese families had control over a vast majority of the Japanese enterprises under the Zaibatsu system. The structure of the Zaibatsu changed very quickly and soon there was intense diversification. For instance the single Mitsubishi Corporation rapidly diversified its business in to mining, shipping, insurance, trading, etc in a very short period of time and soon transformed into a holding company that was at the top of the Pyramid controlling a range of individual yet affiliated businesses. The Iwasaki family owned and controlled the entire business network of Mitsubishi (Lincoln & Shimotani, 2009). Keiretsu Keiretsu represents a cluster of enterprises that are linked to each other by way of cross shareholdings and preferential trading practices creating mutual interests in the business progress. Keiretsu are basically divided into two main types’ namely Vertical keiretsu and horizontal keiretsu. However there are also other keiretsu such as the distribution keiretsu that relate to the distribution networks of big manufacturers. For instance the distribution networks of Matsushita, Fuji Photo Film, etc come under the distribution Keiretsu (Shimotani, 1995). Keiretsu emerged as a protective response to the dissolution and distribution of the largely family owned stocks of the Zaibatsu. When hostile companies were taking over the zaibatsu firms the three main Zaibatsu leaders convened and arranged a solution of cross shareholding and preferential trading policies that enabled them to retain the overall control of the enterprises among themselves. For instance the Mitsui, Sumitomo an d Mitsubishi zaibatsu formed this strategic pact of cross shareholdings to maintain their stronghold in the business. This is how the Keiretsu emerged from the Zaibatsu. Soon by the 1960’s a few big financial institutions in Japan such as Dai-Ichi Kangyo, Fuji and Sanwa joined with the Mitsubishi, Sumitomo and Mitsui to constitute what was popularly known as the six horizontal Keiretsu (Lincoln & Shimotani, 2009). Periodic meetings between the president’s council (shacho-kai) members and executive exchanges and cross share holdings formed the glue between these six Keiretsu. The horizontal Keiretsu is centered around a large bank. On the other hand, the vertical Keiretsu are the large manufacturing companies and supply chain companies, the distributors etc. Unlike the Horizontal Keiretsu there is no president’s council in the vertical Keiretsu but the groups of suppliers of a manufacturing firm represent that role (Miwa and Ramsayer, 2006). Similar to the horizontal Keiretsu, the firms in the vertical keiretsu are also linked together by share holdings across firms and preferential business policies. In vertical Keiretsu there is improved knowledge sharing by way of business transfers including exchange of experts and technical staff members across the vertical network. Overall, vertical Keiretsu promotes improved cohesion among the network firms. In fact, the increased dependence of main firms on the supplier firms in the vertical Keiretsu even lead to large scale investments by these ancillary Japanese firms in US following the footsteps of the Japanese automobile manufacturing firms setting up their FDI in that Country (Banerji & Sambharya ,1996). In technology intensive industries of Japan vertical Keiretsu has greatly improved their international competitiveness by facilitating rapid knowledge sharing across the partnership firms. Empirical studies that measured the effects of such knowledge sharing across the firms in the vertical Keiretsu clearly suggest positive productive gains (Branstetter, 2000). One of the important advantages of the vertical keiretsu is the improved coordination between the suppliers and the assemblers. In the keiretsu automotive industries the suppliers receive plenty of support in products manufacturing , processing and people management. This is distinctly different from the US approach where the suppliers and the assembly line operate entirely independently. This model of operation facilitates both the parties as it helps to reduce the overall risk for either party. (Lincoln & Shimotani, 2009) Thus the Keiretsu improved knowledge transfer among t he networked firms, improved productivity, reduced risk for the firms and gave the Japanese companies clear advantage in the international market. Furthermore, Gerlach (2004), also notes that the Keiretsus were particularly important due to their one-set principle and networking. For instance, synergies were achieved in input and output, especially in the case of manufacturing. Centralized systems and departments were used in conducting basic support operations, which helped all subsidiaries in cost savings (Lincoln & Shimotani, 2009). Also, profit-trapping mechanisms were used in place, by distributing them effectively through subsidiaries (Lincoln & Shimotani, 2009). Cross shareholdings were also particularly important as it helped avoid takeovers, encouraged risk taking amongst companies, and had a long term outlook on strategy (Sturgeon, 2006). One of the important examples of the vertical Keiretsu is the Toyota group. In fact, Toyota has a unique distinction of being both a horizontal keiretsu as well as a vertical keiretsu. They key difference is that the massive size of the Toyota organization makes it possible to exist without being controlled by a central bank as is the case with horizontal keiretsu. Toyota with more than $72 billion in annual revenue has the financial might to stand for itself without the dependence of any major funding source. However, it is associated with the Mitsui group horizontally. Toyota is also widely diversified like a horizontal keiretsu company with its firms representing industries as varied as real estate, computer development, aircraft development, nonlife insurance, etc. The disintegration of the Keiretsu (Why keiretsu failed?) The keiretsu system started to decline slowly by the early nineties and one study by Gerlach (2004) that analyzed the cluster networking pattern of 257 Japanese organizations between 1978 and 1998 found clear evidence indicating this shift away from the Keiretsu. Analysis of cross shareholdings further confirmed the decline of the keiretsu structure (Lincoln & Shimotani, 2009). By the late nineties many major banks that were previously the core of the Horizontal keiretsu had already sold off major portions of their shares to international financial institutions (Ahmadjian and Robinson, 2001). Several Bank mergers further shook the keiretsu structure. Starting with the Mitsui and Taiyo-Kobe Bank merger in 1990 to the 1998 merger of Industrial Bank of Japan, Fuji and Dai-ichi Kangyo bank the largescale mergers of Japanese financial institutions led to consolidation of the related keiretsu firms (Lincoln & Shimotani, 2009). Globalization and technological changes further led to the withering of the Keiretsu. The numbers of board of directors were reduced and many foreign personals took up the position. International investors further demanded the selling off of the stocks in supplier firms and other affiliate firms. Furthermore, the global shift towards modular production system and the production efficiency that it gave rise to, along with a degree of independence between the firms that are involved, kind of eroded the production line advantages that Japanese firms specialized in mass production under the keiretsu system had enjoyed for a long period. The growth of information technology and the adaptation of computer simulation technologies in production testing and experimentation and swift data exchange between the firms reduced the need for physical communication (which was key in Keiretsu) and drastically improved value chain management.(Sturgeon, 2006) Modular production is propelled by ease of systems integration facilitated by information technology. By the 1990’s modular production system was already in place in the US electronic industry with its contract manufacturers spread across the globe. While the American firms capitalized on the internet enabled modular production systems and dominated the electronics industry and related computer hardware industry, Japanese electronics industry was still sticking to the ‘components plus products’ strategy. Cisco systems for instance enjoyed total domination in the network routers market enjoying as much as 80% of the market share while simply outsourcing its device production to contracted producers such as Solectron and Flextronics. Often the production centers are located in low cost regions such as China giving a distinct advantage for the modular production strategy. This contrast between the modular production strategies of the American firms and the in house à ¢â‚¬Ëœintegrated production system’ of the Japanese keiretsu firms gave a clear advantage to the American firms. In other words, the Japanese keiretsu firms could not handle the ‘mega competition’ from the American firms which specialize in single core functions or narrow core competencies. The following figure 1 illustrates the loss suffered by the Japanese keiretsu electronic industries in the early years of the new millennium. (Sturgeon, 2006) Another factor that accompanied global trade is the fluctuation of the exchange rates and its influence on the profit margin. Furthermore, the expansion into international markets and the associated transportation costs motivated many of Japan’s manufacturing firms to move their production facilities abroad as a cost effective solution. Though some suppliers too moved and invested in these new countries, in most cases the central firms such as Toyota started building trust and relationships with the local suppliers. Furthermore, changes in Japanese economic reforms including the Tax policies did not tolerate risk sharing measures as they used to before which clearly undermined one of the key Keiretsu principles. Conclusion The Large capitalist and mostly single family based zaibatsu companies flourished during the early twentieth century creating industrial monopolies that were closely controlled by the government. Zaibatsu led to what is known as a static system as most of the stocks are retained by the family that controls the business. Furthermore Zaibatsu promoted weak competition leading to what is known as ‘cordial oligopoly’.) Keiretsu on the other hand with its cross stockholdings is more dynamic and provided a more competitive business economy that continued to drive the Japanese economy during the post war period. The high cohesion that existed between the participating firms in the vertical keiretsu resulted in production and operational efficiency that gave Japanese manufacturers significant advantages in international markets. However, the Keiretsu principles of ‘preferential business’ affected foreign companies from entering the Japanese markets. Globalization and increasing pressures from international organizations to sell off stocks in affiliated firms affected the cohesion that previously existed between the participating firms in the keiretsu network. Furthermore, the successful integration and mass production strategies of the keiretsu networks that helped Japanese manufacturing firms flourish were soon affected by the shift in global production strategies. Particularly, the concept of modular production where product design could be isolated from its manufacture and the shift towards outsourcing in the western world created a dent in the Japanese manufacturing sector which was still stuck with the ‘in house production’ policies. The impact of information technology and the internet in particular enabled the western countries implement modular production strategies and improved value chain management with setting up of contracted production centers across the globe. The japans keiretsu firms struggled to fi ght the American companies that specialized in single core functions leading to what is known as the mega competition. These fundamental shifts in organizational structure and strategies in the West have made the Keiretsu networks unsuitable under modern globally competitive and technologically advanced market conditions. There is definitely a shift towards a more western centric business organization. Bibliography Ahmadjian, Christina L and Patricia Robinson. (2001). Safety in Numbers: Downsizing and the New Political Economy of Structural Adjustment and Globalization, New York: M.E. Sharpe. Jae Seung Shim & Moosung lee, (2008), The Korean Economic System, Ashgate Publishing Ltd. England. James R Lincoln & Mashiro Shimotani, (2009), Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, Working Paper series, [online] University of California, viewed Mar 9th 2012, Katharina Niciejewska, (2007) The Influence of Social networks in Japanese business. Keiretsu as a Japanese Network. Auflage , Germany. Kunal Banerji PhD & Rakesh B Sambharya, (1996), Vertical Keiretsu and international market entry: The case of the Japanese automobile ancillary industry, Journal of international business studies. Vol 27, No 1. Lee Branstetter (2000), Vertical Keiretsu and Knowledge Spillovers in Japanese Manufacturing: An Empirical assessment, Journal of Japanese and International Economies , Vol 14, Issue 2, pg 73-104 Miwa, Yoshiro and J. Mark Ramsayer. 2006. The Fable of the Keiretsu: Urban Legends of the Japanese Economy. University of Chicago Press, 2006. Thayer Watkins, The Toyoto Group: The One and Only Horizontal and Vertical Keiretsu, [Online] San Jose State University, viewed Mar 9th 2012, Timothy J Sturgeon, (2006), Modular Productions Impact on Japan’s Electronic industry, MIT, IPC Working papers series. Viewed Mar 10th 2012,